2021年考研英语一试题阅读理解Part A解析(石家庄新东方)
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text 1
how can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail
passenger fares? it has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every january
the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on
those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or
otherwise. this year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower
than last year’s, but it is still well above the official consumer price index
(cpi) measure of inflation.
successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that
the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those
who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. why, the argument goes, should a
car-driving pensioner from lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a
stockbroker from surrey? equally, there is a sense that the travails of
commuters in the south east, many of whom will face among the biggest rises,
have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the
relatively poor infrastructure of the midlands and the north.
however, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced
some of the worst rail strikes in years. it is all very well train operators
trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers
should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they
are now paying to travel. the responsibility for the latest wave of strikes
rests on the unions. however, there is a strong case that those who have been
worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the
disruption they have suffered.
the government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service
requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate.
this should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running
problems on britain’s railways. yes, more investment is needed, but passengers
will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,
unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or
planned maintenance is managed incompetently. the threat of nationalisation may
have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified
anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
21. the author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares
a. will ease train operation’s burden.
b. has kept pace with inflation.
c. is a big surprise to commuters.
d. remains an unreasonable measure.
22. the stockbroker in 2 is used to stand for
a. car drivers
b. rail travellers
c. local investors
d. ordinary taxpayers
23. it is indicated in 3 that train operators
a. are offering compensations to commuters.
b. are trying to repair relations with the unions.
c. have failed to provide an adequate service.
d. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.
24. if unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face
a. the loss of investment.
b. the collapse of operations.
c. a reduction of revenue.
d. a change of ownership.
25. which of the following would be the best title for the text?
a. who are to blame for the strikes?
b. constant complaining doesn’t work
c. can nationalization bring hope?
d. ever-rising fares aren’t sustainable
【答案】dbcdd。
21. 【解题思路】本题为细节题，通过题干关键词increase in rail passengers fares定位到原文首段末句this
year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last
year’s, but it is still well above the official consumer price index (cpi)
measure of
inflation.意为“今年的平均涨幅为2.7%，可能比去年低一小部分，但仍远高于官方的消费者物价指数(cpi)衡量的通货膨胀率。”d选项“ remains
an unreasonable measure.(仍旧是一个不合理的措施)”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a. will ease train operation’s burden.(将减轻铁路运营的负担)，与原文表述相反:imposing a
significant extra burden，意为“增加了负担”
b. has kept pace with inflation.(与通胀保持同步)，原文明确表示超过了通货膨胀。
c. is a big surprise to commuters.(对通勤者来说是一个很大的惊喜)，原文并未提及
22. 【解题思路】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词stockbroker定位第二段successive governments have
permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and
running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the
general taxpayer.意为“历届政府都允许这种加价，理由是投资和运营铁路网的成本应由使用铁路网的人而不是一般纳税人承担”与b选项“rail
travellers(铁路旅客)”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a. car drivers(私家车司机)，原文并未提及
c. local investors(当地投资商)，原文并未提及
d. ordinary taxpayers(普通纳税人)，与原文表达相反，原文明确指出而不是纳税人
23. 【解题思路】本题为推断题，根据题干关键词train operators定位到原文第三段第二句it is all very well train
operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but
passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial
sums they are now paying to
travel.意为“火车运营商极力赞扬他们对网络所做的改进，但是乘客应该能够期望他们现在为旅行支付的大量费用能够提供基本的服务水平。”可知乘客并未获得服务，与选项c“
have failed to provide an adequate service.(未能提供足够的服务)”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a. are offering compensations to
commuters.(正在向通勤者提供补偿)，原文提及补偿的是受行业影响最深的人，并非通勤者。
b. are trying to repair relations with the unions. (试图修复与工会的关系)，原文并未提及。
d. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.(由于罢工遭受了巨大损失)，原文并未提及
24.【解题思路】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词calm down passengers定位到末段尾句the threat of
nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a
vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short
order.意为“国有化的威胁可能暂时已经消失了，但是如果不及时解决乘客的合理愤怒，国有化威胁将会卷土重来。”国有化，即改变了所有权结构，与d选项“a
change of ownership.(所有权的改变)”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a. the loss of investment.(投资损失)
b. the collapse of operations.(操作崩溃)
c. a reduction of revenue.(减少收入)
以上选项原文均未提及。
25.【解题思路】本题为主旨题，本文属于非常典型的提出问题-解决问题的结构，问题很明显:即铁路费用上涨，而之后阐述其解决措施，即要降低价格，至少不再上涨，与d选项“ever-rising
fares aren’t sustainable(不断上涨的费用不会持久)”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a. who are to blame for the strikes?(谁该为罢工负责?
b. constant complaining doesn’t work(持续抱怨不起作用)
c. can nationalization bring hope?(国籍可以带来希望吗)
以上选项均只在文章中的细节中提到，属于以偏概全
text 2
last year marked the third year in a row of that indonesia’s bleak rate of
deforestation has slowed in pace. one reason for the turnaround may be the
country’s antipoverty program.
in 2007, indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its
poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep
kids in school or get regular medical care. called conditional cash transfers or
ccts, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and
break the cycle of poverty. they’re already used in dozens of countries
worldwide. in indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to
substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
but cct programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. in
fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as
conflicting goals, says paul ferraro, an economist at johns hopkins
university.
that’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental
degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with
greater poverty. however, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. the
only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in mexico that had
instituted ccts, supported the traditional view. there, as people got more
money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,
ferraro says.
such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.
ferraro wanted to see if indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting
deforestation. indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the
world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to
2012 — including during indonesia’s phase — in of the antipoverty program — in
7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. the duo
separated the effects of the cct program on forest loss from other factors, like
weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. with
that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in
deforestation,” ferraro says.
that’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift
insurance policies against inclement weather, ferraro says. typically, if rains
are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their
harvests. with the ccts, individuals instead can use the money to supplement
their harvests.
whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. ferraro
suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. and regardless of
transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good
for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions
alone is more than the program costs.
26. according to the first two paragraphs, cct programs aim to
a. facilitate health care reform.
b. help poor families get better off.
c. improve local education systems.
d. lower deforestation rates.
27. the study based on an area in mexico is cited to show that
a. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.
b. cct programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.
c. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.
d. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.
28. in his study about indonesia, ferraro intends to find out
a. its acceptance level of ccts.
b. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.
c. the relation of ccts to its forest loss.
d. the role of its forests in climate change.
29. according to ferraro, the cct program in indonesia is most valuable in
that
a. it will benefit other asian countries.
b. it will reduce regional inequality.
c. it can protect the environment.
d. it can boost grain production.
30. what is the text centered on?
a. the effects of a program.
b. the debates over a program.
c. the process of a study.
d. the transferability of a study.
【答案】bdcca
26.【解题思路】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词cct programs aim to定位到原文第二段第二句called conditional
cash transfers or ccts, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce
inequality and break the cycle of poverty.
意为“这些社会援助计划被称为有条件现金转移或cct，旨在减少不平等现象并打破贫困循环。”，与b选项“. help poor families get
better off.(帮助贫穷家庭生活富裕)”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a.促进医疗改革。原文并未提及
c.改善当地的教育体系。原文并未提及
d.降低森林砍伐率。原文中提到森林砍伐率是结果，并非目的，答非所问
27.【解题思路】本题为例证题，根据题干关键词mexico定位到原文第四句。根据例证题答题思路，直接定位例子前的观点句that’s because
economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while
protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.
意为“那是因为经济增长可能与环境恶化相关，而保护环境有时与更大的贫困相关。”与d选项“economic growth tends to cause
environmental degradation.(经济增长会导致环境退化)”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a.养牛一直是穷人的主要谋生手段。谋生手段并未提及
b. cct计划帮助维护了传统生活方式。并未提及生活方式
c.扶贫工作需要当地农民的参与。并未提及相关信息
28.【解题思路】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词indonesia和ferraro定位到原文第五段第二句ferraro wanted to see if
indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting
deforestation.意为“ferraro想知道印尼的扶贫项目是否影响森林砍伐。”与c选项“the relation of ccts to its
forest loss.(cct项目和森林减少的关系)”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a.它对cct的接受程度。原文并未提及接受程度
b.其年度扶贫速度。原文并未出现速度。
d.其森林在气候变化中的作用。原文并未提及森林作用
29.【解题思路】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词most valuable定位到原文最后一段最后一句and regardless of
transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good
for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions
alone is more than the program
costs.意为“研究表明，对人们带来的好处同时也给避免森林砍伐带来好处，仅仅二氧化碳排放这方面，这个项目的意义就足够重大。”与c选项“ it can
protect the environment.(cct项目可以保护环境)”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a.它将使其他亚洲国家受益。原文并未提及亚洲其他国家受益
b.它将减少区域不平等。原文并未提及不平等
d.它可以促进谷物生产。原文并未提及促进这一信息
30.【解析】本题为主旨题，考查考生对全文大意的把握。通过全文内容可知作者在讨论cct项目对扶贫和环境保护带来的影响，与选项a“the effects
of a program.(一个项目的影响)”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
b.关于计划的争论。原文只提及了这一计划的影响，争论一词过于笼统
c.研究过程。原文并未研究其具体过程
d.研究的可转移性。原文并未研究其在其他地区的发展，所以不属于可转移性。
text 3
as a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes
us re-evaluate the past, i’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs
that show our victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image
of 19th-century prudery?). i’ve found quite a few, and — since i started posting
them on twitter — they have been causing quite a stir. people have been
surprised to see evidence that victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh.
they are noting that the victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the
hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of
laughter.
of course, i need to concede that my collection of ‘smiling victorians’
makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic
portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters
posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently
into the middle distance. how do we explain this trend?
during the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure
times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an
image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete,
resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.
the thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties
was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the
norm.
but exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of
the box brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s
digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. spontaneous smiles
were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an
explanation of why victorians still hesitated to smile.
one explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy
grin. “nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular victorian
saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths
were often in a shocking state of hygiene. a flashing set of healthy and clean,
regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in victorian society, the preserve of
the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
a toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked
class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a
smile as wide as lewis carroll’s gum-exposing cheshire cat, but it was not a
becoming look for properly bred persons. even mark twain, a man who enjoyed a
hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be
“nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31. according to paragraph 1, the author’s posts on twitter
a. changed people’s impression of the victorians.
b. highlighted social media’s role in victorian studies.
c. re-evaluated the victorians’ notion of public image.
d. illustrated the development of victorian photography.
32. what does author say about the victorian portraits he has
collected?
a. they are in popular use among historians.
b. they are rare among photographs of that age.
c. they mirror 19th-century social conventions.
d. they show effects of different exposure times.
33. what might have kept the victorians from smiling for pictures in the
1890s?
a. their inherent social sensitiveness.
b. their tension before the camera.
c. their distrust of new inventions.
d. their unhealthy dental condition.
34. mark twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures
was
a. a deep-root belief.
b. a misguided attitude.
c. a controversial view.
d. a thought-provoking idea.
35. which of the following questions does the text answer?
a. why did most victorians look stern in photographs?
b. why did the victorians start to view photographs?
c. what made photography develop slowly in the victorian period?
d. how did smiling in photographs become a post-victorian norm?
【参考答案】abdaa
31.【解题思路】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词posts on twitter定位至i started posting them on twitter
— they have been causing quite a stir. people have been surprised to see
evidence that victorians had fun and could, and did,
laugh.意为“我开始把这些照片发布到twitter上并引发了很大的轰动”，所以作者的行为引发了大家的争论，与a选项“改变人们对维多利亚时代的印象”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
b选项文中并未体现social media在研究中的作用。
c选项notion of public image文中未提及。
d选项文中并未提到维多利亚时期照片的发展。
32.【解题思路】本题为细节题，根据关键词定位portraits he has collected到第二段第一句of course, i need
to concede that my collection of ‘smiling victorians’ makes up only a tiny
percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between
1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly
in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance.
本句前半句意思是“作者的收藏仅占肖像照中的一小部分”，与b选项“他们在那个年代的照片中很罕见”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a选项文中并未提及其他historians。
c选项social convention并非照片所反应的。
d选项出现在下一段。
33.【解题思路】本题为细节题，根据题干kept victorians from smiling，定位第五段one explanation might
be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “nature gave us lips to
conceal our teeth,” ran one popular victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that
before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of
hygiene. 意为“一种解释可能是通过低俗的笑容表现出的尊严丧失。
维多利亚时代流行的一句格言是:“大自然让我们的嘴唇掩盖了牙齿”，这暗示着这样的事实，口腔通常处于令人震惊的卫生状态。”，与选项d“他们不健康的牙齿状况”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a.他们固有的社会敏感性。
b.他们在镜头前的紧张情绪。
c.他们对新发明的不信任。
三个选项原文未提及
34.【解题思路】本题为例证题，根据题干关键词portraits he has collected定位到例子所在句段even mark twain,
a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, ….其所印证的观点在前一句，并且通过even可知本句与前一句为递进关系:a toothy
grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class:
drunks, tramps, prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and
grin with a smile as wide as lewis carroll’s gum-exposing cheshire cat, but it
was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.
意为“露齿笑是地下阶层的体现，但是对于有教养的人来说并不合适”，可知露齿笑不体面是公众普遍的观点，与a选项“一个根深蒂固的信念”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
b.错误的态度。
c.有争议的看法。
d.发人深省的想法。
例子的作用要么正向支持观点，要么反向支持观点，要么揭示背景信息，要么引出相关主题，以上三个选项都不属于其中之一。
35.【解题思路】本题为主旨题，本文属于非常典型的提出问题-分析原因的结构，通过one
explanation可窥见一斑，现象是维多利亚民众照片很少出现笑容，分析原因有二:①摄像技术落后;②牙齿状况堪忧。综上，a选项表述能够概括全文内容。
text 4
from the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based
companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband
connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their
rivals. that’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would
prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving
the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.
yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of
pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.
a federal appeals court weighed in again tuesday, but instead of providing a
badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. at issue before the u.s.
court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit was the latest take of the
federal communications commission (fcc) on net neutrality, adopted on a
party-line vote in 2017. the republican-penned order not only eliminated the
strict net neutrality rules the fcc had adopted when it had a democratic
majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband
providers to do much of anything. the order also declared that state and local
governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.
the commission argued that other agencies would protect against
anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like
at&t favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of netflix and
apple tv. yet the fcc also ended the investigations of broadband providers that
imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.
on tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order
deregulating broadband providers, citing a supreme court ruling from 2005 that
upheld a similarly deregulatory move. but judge patricia millett rightly argued
in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of
modern broadband service,” and said congress or the supreme court could
intervene to “avoid trapping internet regulation in technological
anachronism.”
in the meantime, the court threw out the fcc’s attempt to block all state
rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt
individual state laws that undermine its order. that means more battles like the
one now going on between the justice department and california, which enacted a
tough net neutrality law in the wake of the fcc’s abdication.
the endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the fcc cry out for
congress to act. it needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for
all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and
to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.
36. there has long been concern that broadband provides would
a. bring web-based firms under control.
b. slow down the traffic on their network.
c. show partiality in treating clients.
d. intensify competition with their rivals.
37. faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the fcc
a. sticks to an out-of-date order.
b. takes an anti-regulatory stance.
c. has issued a special resolution.
d. has allowed the states to intervene.
38. what can be learned about at&t from paragraph 3?
a. it protects against unfair competition.
b. it engages in anti-competitive practices.
c. it is under the fcc’s investigation.
d. it is in pursuit of quality service.
39. judge patricia millett argues that the appeals court’s decision
a. focuses on trivialities.
b. conveys an ambiguous message.
c. is at odds with its earlier rulings.
d. is out of touch with reality.
40. what does the author argue in the last paragraph?
a. congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.
b. the fcc should be put under strict supervision.
c. rules need to be set to diversify online services.
d. broadband providers’ rights should be protected.
【参考答案】cbbda
36. 【解题思路】本题为细节题，通过题干关键词concern定位到原文第一段第一句from the early days of broadband,
advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone
companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor
affiliated websites over their rivals.
意为“从宽带的早期开始，针对消费者和基于web的公司的拥护者就开始担心，出售宽带连接的电缆和电话公司会拥有强大的动力和诱因来偏爱附属网站而不是竞争对手。”，与c选项“表明对待用户的偏袒”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a.使基于网络的公司受到控制。并未提及受到控制
b.减慢其网络上的流量。并未提及任何信息
d.加强与竞争对手的竞争。并未提及加强竞争
37.【解题思路】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词net neutrality rules定位到原文第二段the republican-penned
order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the fcc had adopted
when it had a democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s
authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. the order also
declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers
either.两句话由also表示并列关系，意为“共和党下达的命令不仅取消了fcc在2015年获得民主党多数票时所采用的严格的网络中立规则，而且拒绝了该委员会要求宽带提供商做任何事情的权力。
该命令还宣布，州和地方政府也无法规范宽带提供商”，与选项b“采取了反规定的立场”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a.坚持过时的订单。并未提及任何相关信息
c.已发布特别决议。原文提到相关信息前出现了instead of，表示否定
d.允许各州进行干预。与原文意思明显相反
37. 【解题思路】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词at&t定位文章第三段the commission argued that other
agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a
broadband-providing conglomerate like at&t favoring its own video-streaming
service at the expense of netflix and apple tv.
意为“该委员会认为，其他机构将防止反竞争行为，例如at&t之类的提供宽带的企业集团，以牺牲netflix和apple
tv为代价，却偏爱自己的视频流服务”，与b选项“它参与到了反竞争活动中”表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a.它可以防止不正当竞争。原文并未提及不正当竞争
c.它正在接受fcc的调查。att并不是受到fcc的调查
d.追求优质服务。并未提及相关信息
39.【解题思路】本题为细节题，通过题干关键词judge patricia millett定位原文第四段第二句but judge patricia
millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from
the realities of modern broadband service,”
意为“法官的意见是这个结果是脱离现代宽带服务现实的。”与d选项“与现实没有联系”意思表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
a.注重琐碎性。
b.传达了一个含糊的信息。
c.与先前的裁定不一致。
三个选项原文均未提及
40.【解题思路】本题为段落推断题，可选择选项定位或段落大意解题。本题中可采用前者，a选项关键词congress，定位末段首句the endless
legal battles and back-and-forth at the fcc cry out for congress to
act.意为“无止境的法律斗争和对fcc的反复要求国会采取行动”，与选项a“国会需要采取行动来确保网络中立”意思表述一致。
【错误选项分析】
b. fcc应该受到严格的监督。根据fcc也定位第一句，但是严格监督原文中并未提及
c.需要制定规则以使在线服务多样化。原文中并未提及任何相关信息
d.宽带提供商的权利应受到保护。根据broadband providers定位第二句，但原文中并未提及
保护权利
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