考研英语阅览PartB详解(考研英语刘琦)

part b directions:

the following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. for questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list a-g and filling them into the numbered boxes .paragraphs c and f have been correctly placed . mark your answers on the answer sheet . ( 10points)

[a] these tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. if we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understand-ing-then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.

[b] of course, many discussions are not so successful. still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. we need to learn how to evaluate them properly. a large part of evalua-tion is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. humanity requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.

[c] none of this will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. next time you state your position,formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good . next time you talk with someone who takes a stand , ask them to give you a reason for their view .spell out their argument fully and charitably. assess its strength impartially. raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.

[d] carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. even when you win, you end up no better off. your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games.pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. every
body else loses. this kind of thinking is why so many people try to avouts, especially politics and religion.

[e] in his 1936 work how to win friends and influence people, dalo carnegie wrote: “there is only one way … to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it.” this aversion to arguments is common,but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and so-cial lives-and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

[f] these views of arguments also undermine reason. if you see a conversation as a fight or competition,you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. you will be happy to convince people with bad arguments . you can call their views stupid , or joke about how ignorant they are . none of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way .

[g] there is a better way to win arguments. imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our tate and i do not. if you yell,”yes,”and i yell,”no,”neither of us learns anything.we neither inderstand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. in contrast,suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. then i counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time . now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values , since we both care about needy workers.

41.【 】 42.【 】 【f】 43. 【 】 44. 【 】 【c】 45.【 】

考研英语（一）阅览part b详解【19】

文章粗心

这篇文章选自time(年代周刊）2021年7月2日的一篇文章。原文标题为howto win an argument every time, according to an expert(专家说，如何每次在争论中取胜）。这篇文章共七段

，可分为三个有些。第一有些为第一段，陈述卡耐基所认为的赢得争论的方法。第二有些为第二段，阐明假定争论是一场争斗，那么卡耐基是对的。第三有些为三至七段，从理性的视点阐明如何赢得争论。

要点词汇及短语

argumentn.证明；论据；争持
impartiallyad公正地；忘我地
opponentn.对手；对立者
verbala.口头的；言语的；动词的
reasoned a.详尽论说的；理由充分的
dismala.苍凉的，郁闷的，阴沉的
mutuala.一起的；彼此的，彼此的
aversionn.厌烦；厌烦的人
evaluatev.评价；评价
formulatev.用公式标明；清楚地表达
charitablyad.慈悲地；惊慨地
end up结束：去世

参阅答案及解析

41.e。【解析】此题需要判别首段，首段需要引入布景信息，而且无指代，无逻辑联络。河览各个选项，a项the tools有指代，b项ofcourse具有逻辑联络特征，d项有逻辑联络语句，而g项未能像e项那样引入主题。故本题选e。

42.d。【解析】e项说到了卡耐基的观念，那么e项后边的内容就可以对其观念做出评价。调查选项可知，d项首句说到“假定争论是一场争斗，那么卡耐基是对的”，且f项作者说到了与解论有关的观念、观点，其对应d项的最终一句thiskindofthinking,故本题选d

43.g。【解析】f项末句说到“这些技巧都不能协助你了解他们，他们的情绪，或许那些让你们发生分线的疑问，但它们可以协助你在某种程度上取胜”，其与g项第一句“有一个更恰当的办法来赢得争论“相照顾，且g项讲的是在彼此了解和尊敬对方的基础上打开解论，故本题选g。

44.b。【解析】c项首段说到“这悉数都不简略，但即便别人回绝，你也可以初步”，其与b项末句“人道会让咱们招认自个观念中的缺乏，有时也承受对方的理由“相照顾。且整个b段在叙说咱们需要招认对方观念的合理之处，并用相同的批判标准评价自个的观念，其照顾c段“下次当你禁述自个的情绪时，从你的主张中获取一个观念，并诚笃地间自个这个观念是不是恰当”。故本题选b。

45.a。【解析】总览全文可知，e段提出卡耐基所认为的赢得争论的方法。d段指出假定争论是一场争斗，那么卡耐基是对的。f、g、b、c四项具体指出赢得争论的办法。a段做出总结，即以上办法可以协助你赢得每一场争论。故本题选a。

参阅译文

[e]戴尔·卡耐基在1936年宣告的作品《如何赢得兄弟和影响别人》中写道：“只需一种办法……赢得争论——那就是避免它。”这种对争论的厌烦是常见的，但它取决于对争论的差错观点，这种观念给咱们的自个和社会日子带来了深化的疑问——而且在许多方面，它从一初步就忽略了争论的意义。[d]假定争论是一场争斗，那么卡耐基是正确的，这就是咱们一般对争论的观点。就像肢体冲突相同，口舌之争会让两边玉石俱焚。即便你赢了，这也不是最佳的成果。假定争论只是一场竞赛，比方网球竞赛，你的前景几乎相同不容旷达。成对的对手来反击球，直到一切参加的选手中呈现一个成功者，其别人都输了。这就是为啥许多人企图避免争论，特别是关于政治和宗教的争论。

[f]这些争论的观念也削弱了理性的作用。假定你把说话看作是一场争斗或竞赛：你只需不被抓到，你就可以经过作弊取胜。你很愿意用论传闻服别人。你可以称他们的观念愚笨，或许开玩笑说他们是多么无知。这些技巧都不能协助你了解他们，他们的情绪，或许那些让你们发生不合的疑问，但它们可以协助你在某种程度上取胜

[g]有一个更恰当的办法来赢得争论。假定你撑持前进咱们州的最低薪酬，而我不撑持。假定你大喊“附和”而我喊“不附和”，咱们两个都无法从对方身上学就任何东西。咱们既不了解也不尊敬对方，你我之间不存在宽和或协作的基础。相反，假定你给出了一个合理的观念：全职职工不大约日子在贫穷中。然后，我又提出了另一个合理的观念：前进最低薪酬将迫使公司在更短的时刻内雇佣更少的人。如今咱们可以了解彼此的情绪，认同咱们一起的价值观，因为咱们都关怀贫穷的工人。

[b]当然，许多谈论并不那么成功。可是，咱们需要稳重，不要过快地断定对手的观念是糟糕的，咱们需肄业习如何正确地评价它们。大有些评价会引出糟糕的争论，因为评价时咱们一般指出对方论据缺乏，但咱们也需要招认对方观念的合理之处，并用相同的批判标准评价自个的观念。人道会让咱们招认自个观念中的缺乏，有时也承受对方的理由。

[c]这悉数都不简略，但即便别人回绝，你也可以初步。下次当你陈述自个的情绪时，从你的主张中获取一个观念，并诚笃地问自个这个观念是不是恰当。下次你和持不一样情绪的人说话时，请他们给你一个理由阐明观念，使他们充分而友善地论说自个的观念。公正地评价它的利益，提出对立定见并细心听取他们的反应。

[a]这些办法可以协助你赢得每一场争论——不是在打败对手这件毫无意义的事上，而是在于非常好地协助你晓得他们与咱们定见相左的缘由，并学会与他们攀谈和协作。假定咱们从头调整对争论的观点——从口角之争或网球竞赛，变成一场理性的交流，经过这种交流，咱们都能彼此尊敬和了解——那么咱们就改动了“赢得”争论的本质。